DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY

Cellulose acetate and triacetate are artificial fibers produced through a chemical reaction between cellulose (obtained from wood or cotton) and acetic acid. The artificial fiber can be spun for use in the textile industry or utilized in its solid form.

A family of synthetic, plastic materials or fibers made from acrylic acid or its derivatives, known for their clarity, strength, and versatility. Common acrylic products include Plexiglass (polymethyl methacrylate or PMMA), a synthetic yarn similar to wool, used in clothing, carpets, and blankets. It also describes a type of fast-drying paint used by artists and synthetic nails applied for cosmetic purposes.

Human-powered transportation that directly replaces motor vehicles like biking or walking. These modes effectively reduce vehicle emissions, conserve fuel, and improve health.

A naturally occurring chemical substance used in wood preservation, electronics, alloys for batteries and ammunition, and some specialized industrial processes including glass and pigment manufacturing and for dehairing hides, as a preservative and an insecticide to protect tanned leather. Historically used as a pesticide, exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause various health problems, including cancer and effects on pregnancy and child development.

A family of organic chemicals derived from phenols, OPs & OPEs are the most commonly available in a commercial form. Used to produce a variety of industrial and consumer products from detergents, cleaning products, pesticides, personal care products, plastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and resins, and in processing textiles, leather and paper, metals, and rubber. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, mimicking the body's hormonal system, causing reproductive harm also affecting the nervous system functions. Exposure occurs through contaminated food and water, inhalation, and skin contact. Due to their persistence and bioaccumulative properties, they are highly toxic to aquatic life.

A group of synthetic, non-ionic surfactants used in various industrial, agricultural, and textile manufacturing processes. In the environment, they degrade into more toxic and persistent metabolites acting as endocrine disruptors, mimicking natural hormones and harming wildlife and humans.

A substance with the capacity to induce an allergic reaction in individuals. In the context of allergies, this substance is called an allergen, which the immune system identifies as a threat, triggering the release of chemicals that cause symptoms like itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing.

Natural materials such as vegetable cellulose or proteins undergo a chemical transformation to form yarn. Viscose, acetate, and rayon were the first types created, followed by Modal & Lyocell.

Organic compounds characterized by the presence of one or more azo groups. Many azo compounds are widely used as dyes in textiles, paper, food, and pharmaceuticals industries, and some can be a source of toxic aromatic amines in the body. 

A certification from B Lab based on a corporation's social and environmental impact. To qualify, companies must integrate sustainability commitments in their governing documents, achieve a minimum score of 80 on the assessment, and pay an annual fee. Companies need to recertify every three years to maintain their B Corp certification.

A colorless liquid hydrocarbon found in crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke, used as a building block for plastics, resins, dyes, and detergents. A known carcinogen linked to blood and immune system harm. Exposure can happen through air, contaminated consumer products, and environmental sources, leading to health issues like headache, dizziness, and even severe outcomes.

A manufactured chemical, primarily used as an intermediate in the production of dyes and pigments for textiles, paper, and leather. A potent carcinogen linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer.

An organic compound used as a UV blocker in sunscreens, cosmetics, inks, and plastics to protect from sun damage. It can occur naturally in some plants and fungi, but is also a synthetic ingredient that is a mutagen, carcinogenic and endocrine disruptor.

Used in the production of dyes, rubber, and agrochemicals, it is a known human carcinogen, primarily linked to an increased risk of urinary bladder cancer. Exposure can occur through inhalation and skin absorption.

Chemicals, like heavy metals or pesticides that are absorbed into the body at a rate faster than they are eliminated, leading to an increasing concentration over time. This buildup of persistent, toxic compounds in tissues can result in chronic poisoning and damage to organs, even from low-level continuous exposure. This accumulation can lead to negative health effects and is a key factor in assessing the environmental hazard of a chemical.

A macro-scale structure is grown directly by living microorganisms such as mycelium or bacteria.

Material intentionally made entirely or partially from substances derived from living organisms, such as plants, animals, enzymes, and microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and yeast.

The bio content for biobased materials can vary radically from less than 10% up to 100%.

The amount of biomass in a material or product, taking account of the four key components: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The bio content is a percentage of the overall weight of the material or product.

The decomposition of a substance or object in specific conditions is a process driven by living organisms such as bacteria, microorganisms, or fungi. Ideally, no harmful toxins or chemicals should be left behind.

The use of renewable biological resources to produce food, energy, services, and products.

A renewable energy generated by living organisms such as plants and animal waste.

Materials produced by living cells and microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and mycelium.

Biofabricated ingredients are building blocks produced by living cells and microorganisms, such as complex proteins like silk or collagen. They need further mechanical or chemical processing to make a macro-scale material structure.

A fuel produced from plants, agricultural, domestic, or industrial biowaste (biomass) over a short period.

energy: Renewable organic matter from plants and animals used for bioenergy, such as wood, wood residues, energy crops, and agricultural residues, including straw and organic waste.

textile: Plant or animal materials such as wood and waste from forests, yards, or farms turn raw materials and fibers into sustainable textiles.

Materials containing biomass or biologically derived ingredients, fully or partially derived from plants, trees, or animals.

All biomaterials are biobased. However, the bio content ranges from less than 10% to 100%.

Literal translation: ‘imitation of the living.’

A form of sustainable design that mimics nature by replicating the solutions tried, tested & true by nature over millions of years.

Forms, patterns, or designs that are modelled on the abstract shapes and structures of living organisms and nature, rather than strict geometric or rectilinear forms.

An architectural and interior design approach that connects people with nature by incorporating natural elements like plants, water, natural light, and materials, into built environments to foster a connection with nature and to improve mental and physical well-being.

Synthetic polymers are made from bio-derived compounds using biomass or through a process involving a living microorganism.

Used to replace traditional synthetic materials made from fossil fuels such as plastic and polyester.

An industrial chemical used to make certain hard, clear polycarbonate plastics and protective epoxy resins. It can leach into food from epoxy resin coatings on metal food and beverage cans. A known endocrine disruptor, interfering with the hormone system, affecting human health.

A chemical often used as a replacement for BPA (Bisphenol A) in products like polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, it exhibits similar endocrine-disrupting, or hormone-disrupting, properties to BPA. Scientific research shows adverse effects on biological systems, including estrogenic effects and links to health problems.

Used to replace BPA (Bisphenol A) in various consumer products like making plastics and resins, it was initially thought to be safer, however, research shows that BPS can also leach into products, has similar harmful endocrine-disrupting properties to BPA, and may even be more potent in causing adverse health effects like reproductive and neurobehavioral dysfunction.

Combining two or more different types of fibers or yarns to achieve each component fiber's desired characteristics and aesthetics. These blends are used to create mixed textiles such as cotton silk, poly-cotton, etc.

The carbon that has been stored by the ocean and coastal ecosystems worldwide.

An economic system or industry that aims to protect oceans and freshwater areas while using them responsibly to grow the economy, generate energy, and produce food. It involves using marine resources to benefit the environment and society.

A system to support suppliers and manufacturers for clothing and textile production by transparently verifying and tracing each textile throughout the manufacturing process, improving at every stage of production to reduce the environmental impact of textiles.

Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method certification is a standard that evaluates aspects of a building or infrastructure project’s life cycle from the design stage through construction and operation. It uses a science-based method to evaluate performance across categories like energy use, waste, water, materials, and health and well-being.

A permit allows companies to release a specific amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gasses. Each permit allows the release of one ton of carbon dioxide or an equivalent amount of other greenhouse gasses. These permits are also known as carbon offsets.

A gas found in nature and produced when fossil fuels like oil, gas, and coal burn. A potent greenhouse gas that can remain in the atmosphere for thousands of years, it retains heat in the atmosphere and contributes to global warming.

The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, often through human activity such as burning oil, coal, or gas, warms the planet, causing climate change. A term frequently used in place of greenhouse gas emissions.

A measurement of how much greenhouse gasses are released into the atmosphere as a result of an activity, product, company, or country over a period of time.

The amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere equalized by offsetting the same amount by planting trees or other verified carbon offsets. Also known as achieving net zero emissions.

To reduce or balance the amount of carbon dioxide released from an activity, product, or company by using external projects that are not directly related to a company's operations, such as planting trees or using other verified carbon offset methods.

A concept aimed to reduce and/or offset more emissions than an activity, product, company, or country produces.

the process of capturing carbon dioxide and storing it in solid or liquid form to remove it from the atmosphere.

When an activity, product, or service produces no greenhouse gas emissions during production and/or operation.

The substances or agents that cause cancer or increase the risk of developing cancer. Examples range from environmental factors like asbestos and UV radiation from the sun, biological factors like certain viruses and bacteria, and chemicals like benzene.

A global, nonprofit alliance comprising of leading consumer goods brands, retailers, manufacturers, sourcing agents, service providers, trade associations, NGOs, and academic institutions representing every part of the supply chain for apparel, footwear, and textiles, including home furnishings, sporting and outdoor goods, bags, and luggage.

Developed & launched the Higg Index, aimed at creating standardized sustainability metrics within the industry through collective action across three main pillars: Combat Climate Change, Decent Work for All, and a Nature-Positive Future.

Cascale is formerly known as the Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC).

A unique, numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) to every chemical substance, including organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, and mixtures, to provide an unambiguous way to identify them in the scientific literature. The number is used in databases, regulatory applications, and for safety labeling to ensure accurate and consistent communication about chemical substances globally.

A group of highly toxic and persistent organic compounds formed as unwanted byproducts during industrial processes and uncontrolled combustion, particularly those involving chlorine. These chemicals bioaccumulate in food chains, are found in various environmental compartments like soil and air, and can cause harmful health effects, though their specific toxicity varies by the type and number of chlorine atoms present.

Also known as polychlorinated dibenzofurans, are a class of toxic, synthetic chemicals formed as byproducts of industrial processes, waste incineration, and some natural processes like fires. They are structurally similar to dioxins, are persistent in the environment, bioaccumulate in food chains, and pose significant health risks, including potential carcinogenicity, developmental, and reproductive issues. Sources of exposure include contaminated food (especially meat and fish), air, water, and soil. 

A design approach using core principles of minimization, efficiency, optimization, longevity, and repetition while considering the impact on the entire ecosystem throughout its life cycle.

A system where materials and products never become waste but are kept in circulation using processes of maintenance, reuse, refurbishment, remanufacture, recycling, upcycling, and composting. Composted materials are broken down safely without harmful toxins and returned back to nature to generate new growth.

Efforts to combat and reverse climate change by regulating and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy.

To make changes in processes, practices, and structures to manage the impact of climate change.

Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Scientists have shown that human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas generate greenhouse gas emissions that trap the sun’s heat, leading to rising temperatures.

The consequences of climate change include intense droughts, water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms, declining biodiversity, and more.

Limiting the greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere that contribute to climate change. These actions include using clean and renewable energy and saving energy.

A group from different sectors committed to solving a specific problem to drive change on a large scale.

Colonialism is when a country takes control of foreign lands or people to exploit and possibly settle there, usually done by setting up colonies and using colonial practices to maintain control.

A process with the right conditions for materials or products to disintegrate into non-toxic, natural elements to regenerate new growth.

Businesses that operate ethically serve people and the planet while pursuing profits.

Consumers thoughtfully purchase products and services to prioritize responsible, ethical practices and consume less.

Caretaking and preservation of natural resources to prevent their disappearance and to protect species, habitats, ecosystems, and biological diversity.

A business model that helps a company be socially and environmentally accountable.

A Certified Passive House Designer or Consultant is a professional trained and certified by the Passive House Institute to design buildings that meet the stringent energy efficiency, comfort, and air quality requirements. The certification is recognized internationally and is a prestigious qualification for architects, engineers, consultants, and others in the building industry involved in creating high-performance buildings. 

A design philosophy and system for products that aim to eliminate waste by returning materials to biological or technical cycles. By distinguishing biodegradable materials for biological cycles and technical materials for industrial cycles, products are designed to be safely and continuously re-circulated as valuable nutrients without loss of quality. This creates a positive, regenerative cycle where waste becomes a resource, promoting environmental health, and social responsibility.

Used to describe a product's entire journey, as a complete life cycle. From raw material creation, the ‘cradle’ to the distribution of the product, its transportation, and its use by consumers, the middle or ‘life cycle’, to its final disposal’, the ‘grave’. The concept emphasizes the total environmental impact of a product or activity across all its stages, including extraction, manufacturing, distribution, use, and disposal, and it implies a responsibility for the product's management throughout its life.

Ingredients, products, or activities that do not harm or kill animals anywhere in the world, including testing on animals.

The Certified Sustainable Development Professional® validates expertise in developing and implementing sustainability programs, focusing on environmental, social, and economic factors. The certification demonstrates a professional's advanced knowledge in areas of energy efficiency, carbon reduction, sustainable policy, renewable energy, and water conservation, preparing them to lead and integrate sustainable practices across various sectors.

The unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc., of one culture or identity by members of another culture or identity.

Deliberate acts and the systematic destruction committed with the intention of destroying language, religion, or culture unique to a specific ethnicity or a political, religious, or social group.

Also referred to as culturecide, cultural genocide, cultural destruction, or deculturation.

Limiting or stopping cultural and religious practices, traditions, and beliefs.

Reduction or elimination of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere caused by processes, manufacturing, and energy production.

A man-made, clear liquid with a chloroform-like odor, produced industrially used to make plastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and solvents for various other industrial applications. Not naturally found in the environment, it is a toxic, flammable chemical that is volatile and harmful to human health and the environment.

A solvent used in industrial processes like polymer and fiber manufacturing, such as elastane and dyes. Repeated exposure is toxic, with documented liver and central nervous system damage, particularly through dermal absorption. 

A versatile industrial solvent widely used in the manufacturing of acrylic fibers, synthetic leathers, coatings, films, and adhesives. Exposure occurs through inhalation and skin absorption, causing liver damage, reproductive toxicity, nausea, and other symptoms.

A biocide placed in sachets within leather goods like furniture and footwear to prevent mold growth during storage and transport, especially in humid climates. However, it is a potent skin irritant and sensitizer that can penetrate textiles and cause severe, painful skin reactions such as dermatitis, including itching, redness, burns, and scaling.

A chemical used as a durable press finish in textiles to provide wrinkle and shrink resistance, especially for cotton and blended fabrics. It is also used to improve dye fastness on polyester blends and for wood modification. It releases formaldehyde into the air, causing allergic reactions such as redness, itching, and blistering and has environmental implications.

A group of persistent, highly toxic chemical compounds that are byproducts of various industrial processes, such as waste incineration, metal smelting, and the manufacturing of certain chemicals and paper products. Dioxins accumulate in the food chain, particularly in the fat tissues of animals. Exposure in humans mainly occurs through the consumption of contaminated food, especially meat and dairy products. They are considered persistent organic pollutants (POPs), meaning they break down very slowly and can remain in the environment for long periods.

A major class of non-ionic, water-insoluble colorants used primarily for coloring synthetic fabrics like polyester, nylon, and acrylic. This chemical is sensitive to air and light, their breakdown releases arylamines which cause carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, endocrine disruptors, and skin sensitization. They also accumulate in indoor dust, exposing people to risks through inhalation and mouthing behaviors. Symptoms of exposure include irritation of the skin, eyes and respiratory tract, liver and kidney damage, liver and lung cancer, and blood disorders. These dyes also pose environmental risks as they are inherently toxic to aquatic organisms and persistent in the environment.

Policies and programs that promote the representation and participation of groups of individuals from different ages, races, ethnicities, abilities, disabilities, genders, religions, cultures, and sexual orientations.

A visual framework for sustainable development combines ecological and social boundaries. It consists of two concentric rings with a hole in the middle. The hole represents the social proportion of people lacking access to essentials like healthcare and education. The outer ring represents ecological ceilings to ensure that humanity doesn't exceed the limits that protect Earth's life-supporting systems.

Also known as cascading, is the recycling of waste materials that don't possess enough structural integrity or functionality for the materials to be put back into the circular cycle to be repurposed or upcycled into new products.

Assisting the recovery of a degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystem.

When plants or animals recover in a place without being reintroduced by humans, it's because they have developed natural resilience mechanisms over time through evolution. These mechanisms help them adapt to natural disturbances and changes in resources.

The carbon footprint of a building or infrastructure project includes all the CO2 emissions associated with its entire lifecycle, such as material extraction, manufacturing, construction, maintenance, demolition, transportation, and waste recycling.

A market-based approach to reducing pollution to protect human health and the environment by making polluters pay for their greenhouse gas emissions.

The two key components are a limit (or the cap) on pollution and trade allowances. The limit sets the maximum amount of pollution allowed, while trade allowances allow holders to emit a specific quantity of pollutants, which can be bought and sold in an allowance market.

Chemicals that mimic, block, or interfere with the body's endocrine (hormone) system, reproductive and other biological processes regulated by it, causing adverse health effects in humans and wildlife. They work by binding to hormone receptors, interfering with hormone production or transport, or altering hormone metabolism. These substances are found in many common products, including certain plastics (like BPA), pesticides, cosmetics, and food packaging, clothing, furniture, and can lead to various health problems.

Design to use less energy to achieve the same result for heating, cooling, and lighting through passive design strategies and/or energy-efficient materials and equipment to reduce energy waste, costs, environmental impact and improving comfort.

The deterioration of the natural environment by diminishing the quality of resources like air, water, and soil, and through the destruction of ecosystems and habitats, leading to biodiversity loss and wildlife extinction. The negative changes to the environment, often caused by human activities such as pollution, deforestation, and the unsustainable use of natural resources.

A collection of processes and practices that allow companies to lower their environmental footprint and increase their overall productivity.

a form of racism that results in adverse environmental impacts, such as landfills, incinerators, and hazardous waste disposal, disproportionately affecting communities of color and violating substantive equality.

Also referred to as ecological racism or ecological apartheid.

A set of standards to measure a business's impact on the planet, people, and communities transparently while holding the company accountable.

Ethics or moral philosophy involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.

Ethical business practices (EBP) are the moral principles, policies, and values that guide how companies and individuals conduct business. They go beyond what the law requires and establish guidelines that shape how employees behave at all levels, helping to build trust between a business and its customers.

Ethical labor practices involve upholding ethical standards to protect workers' rights and dignity, ensuring fair wages, safe working conditions, reasonable working hours, and eliminating child labor and forced labor.

An organic compound, specifically the ethyl ester of acrylic acid, used in the creation of various polymers and copolymers for products like paints, textiles, and adhesives. It is known to be a skin and respiratory irritant and a cancer risk.

Any discarded electrical or electronic equipment, whether working or broken, is considered waste. It is particularly dangerous due to toxic chemicals that naturally leach from the metals inside when buried.

The minimum income required for a person to meet their basic needs, including food, housing, healthcare, transportation, education, and other essential expenses. It should also allow for discretionary expenses and participation in the social and cultural life of the community. A fair living wage should consider the cost of living in a specific geographical region and the needs of the worker's dependents. It should enable workers to live with dignity and security without relying on public assistance or working multiple jobs to make ends meet.​​​​​​​​

Ensures farmers and producers receive a fair price for their goods, fostering sustainable and equitable trade relationships. This approach contributes to improved social and environmental standards within the supply chain, promoting fairness and sustainability in global trade.

Consumer protection laws require clear labeling of products with wool. This ensures that labels accurately describe the amount of wool in the product and protects consumers from false information and misrepresented content. Wool includes fibres from sheep, lamb, angora, cashmere, camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna.

A building certification system that promotes and verifies healthy environments for a wide range of building types. Based on over 7,000 academic studies on public health and building design, the program uses a point-based system to evaluate building design, operational policies, and cultural strategies across 12 categories, with no prerequisites required.

A global certification standard established for forests and forest products. It ensures products from responsibly managed forests that provide environmental, social, and economic benefits. Ten principles and associated criteria form the basis for all FSC standards and certification.

Established in 1993 in response to concerns over global deforestation, FSC provides forest management standards globally and promotes responsible management of the world's forests. It has around 1200 members.

A chemical that is a volatile organic compound (VOC) releasing into a gas at room temperature and with an unpleasant odor. Most commonly known for the embalming process to preserve the body from decomposition, it is also widely used in the production of building materials like pressed wood products and adhesives. It gives fabrics performance properties like wrinkle resistance, durability, mildew prevention and colorfast dyes and is crucial for giving leather its stability, feel, and water resistance. Higher temperatures and humidity levels accelerate the release of formaldehyde into the air, known as ’off-gassing’. The rate is highest when a product is new and in poorly ventilated and damp rooms that trap the gases, leading to higher concentrations indoors. Exposure can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat, and is classified as a known human carcinogen.

Non-renewable energy sources including coal, coal products, natural gas, derived gas, crude oil, petroleum products, and non-renewable wastes.

At our current usage rate, it is estimated that all of our fossil fuels will be depleted by 2060.

A chemical used in manufacturing that are toxic environmental contaminants formed during combustion processes. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid found in some heat-treated foods like coffee and canned goods.

An organism (plant, animal, or microorganism) modified using biotechnology to alter the organism's genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, with synthetic genetic sequences or by creating combinations of very different organisms that would not occur naturally.

Chemicals, radiation, or biological factors that can damage the genetic material (DNA or chromosomes) in cells, leading to genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, or other genomic changes. This DNA damage can have serious consequences, including an increased risk of developing cancer or causing heritable genetic defects in offspring.

The long-term warming of the planet's overall temperature is primarily caused by human activities. The top four contributors to global warming are burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), cutting down forests (deforestation), increasing livestock farming, and using nitrogen fertilizers, which produce nitrous oxide emissions.

The global primary textile processing standard for organic fibers includes ecological and social standards supported by independent certification of the whole textile supply chain.

A standard for organic textiles allows processors and manufacturers to export products using a single accepted certification, helping consumers choose verified organic products from eco-friendly supply chains.

An approach to the design of chemical products and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances throughout a chemical's life cycle. A method for preventing pollution and for less harmful chemical products and practices.

Greenhouse gasses are natural and manufactured gasses within the Earth's atmosphere that trap heat and contribute to the warming of the Earth's surface. The three primary greenhouse gasses are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gasses are significant contributors to climate change and global warming.

A company is taking slow action to adopt sustainability policies while concealing itself within a group, such as by signing a global alliance.

A process of creating products, buildings, and services to minimize negative environmental and social impacts while enhancing occupant health and well-being. Considering the entire life cycle of the product or building and designing for durability and recyclability.

A company refusing to share or under-report its environmental and social responsibility efforts.

A company falsely labels or advertises a product or service as 'green' using plant symbols or deceptive wording, misleading consumers into believing it is eco-friendly when it is not.

A company highlights a specific aspect of its operations or products as sustainable, intentionally diverting attention away from other environmentally harmful activities that may be taking place elsewhere.

A company that consistently changes its environmental, social, and governance (ESG) goals before they are able to achieve them. When companies fail to meet, lower, or postpone these environmental goals, people question whether they are really trying to reach them or just using them for marketing.

ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) is a set of standards that transparently measure a business's impact on the planet, people, and communities while holding the company accountable.

A certification standard for companies to reduce the use of hazardous chemicals in textile manufacturing and products.

When a business blames consumers for environmental sustainability.

Companies that make false claims about their environmental practices and commitments.

Gross emissions are the total greenhouse gas emissions from human activity, including energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste.

Net emissions include the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through land use, reforestation, or purchased offsets, such as carbon credits.

A space that is free from harmful contaminants and supports occupant well-being through good air quality, adequate lighting, appropriate temperature and humidity, low noise levels, and safe building materials. Key elements include fresh air from outside, preventing excessive moisture to avoid mold, minimizing indoor pollutants from chemicals and pests, and ensuring sufficient natural light and a comfortable thermal environment.

A naturally occurring element toxic to living organisms at low concentrations such as arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium. They accumulate in living beings because they are non-biodegradable and can lead to heavy metal poisoning.

A toxic form of the element chromium, primarily produced by industrial processes, and in applications like leather tanning, dyeing additive, metal plating, stainless steel production, and pigment manufacturing. It is a known human carcinogen, causing lung cancer, and can also damage the respiratory system, kidneys, liver, skin, and eyes. Exposure occurs through inhalation of dusts, mists, or fumes, and through skin or eye contact.

A self-assessment tool for the apparel, footwear, and consumer goods industry designed to assess and standardize environmental and social sustainability throughout the entire supply chain.

More than 24,000 organizations worldwide use the Higg Index, driving change from within the industry.

Reducing or eliminating the amount of carbon dioxide released from an activity, product, or company by focusing on improvements within a company that are directly related to its products, operations, and services and that positively impact local communities, such as investing in cleaner energy, changing manufacturing processes that reduce local pollution, and improving air quality for residents nearby.

Corporate reporting integrates financial and non-financial information, such as environmental and social governance goals, into one report to show how a company performs on various levels.

Knit fabric is created through the process of inter-looping or inter-meshing yarns. There are two main types of knit fabric: weft-knit and warp-knit.

Weft-knit fabrics are more common and easier to make. However, when cut, they tend to unravel unless they are repaired.

On the other hand, warp-knit fabrics are more resistant to unraveling and are relatively easier to sew.

Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design is a third-party certification that provides a framework and a point-based rating system to assess and certify buildings, homes, and neighborhoods across areas of energy efficiency, water use, waste management, and indoor environmental quality to create healthier, more efficient, and cost-saving spaces, reducing carbon emissions and conserving resources.

A methodology to assess the environmental impacts of a commercial product, process, or service throughout the life cycle.

A more traditional model of design consists of three stages:

Make: raw materials are transformed into products

Use: consumers use products

Dispose: consumers discard products as waste

A professional credential from the International Living Future Institute (ILFI) that recognizes proficiency in the Living Building Challenge and other advanced, holistic standards for sustainable and regenerative design.

An economy that absorbs as much greenhouse gas as is released due to human activity.

An artificial fiber developed in 1972 with a more environmentally friendly production process than conventional viscose or modal. Cellulose from pine, eucalyptus, or bamboo wood is processed all at once using NMMO monohydrate, a safe and recyclable solvent. This solvent is 99.7% recoverable, making lyocell production an almost closed-loop, short-circuit process.

A list of chemicals banned from intentional use in the manufacturing processes of textiles, footwear, and other products. A proactive approach, it targets hazardous chemicals at the manufacturing stage rather than just the final product, preventing them from entering the supply chain and harming the environment or human health. Brands, retailers, suppliers, and manufacturers voluntarily adopt the MRSL.

A condition where mast cells (a type of white blood cell) excessively release chemical mediators, leading to episodic, multi-system symptoms that can include hives, swelling, difficulty breathing, diarrhea, and low blood pressure. These symptoms resemble allergic reactions and are caused by excess exposure to immunological regulating chemicals.

Extremely small pieces of plastic waste, less than 5mm in length, are generated by the disposal and breakdown of consumer plastic products and industrial waste.

Inspired by viscose, an artificial fiber created in Japan in 1951, it is derived from the chemical transformation of beechwood cellulose using a different recipe and solvents than viscose. This makes it more resistant than viscose, especially when wet.

A term for human exploitation utilizing violence, threats, or force to exploit an individual for personal or commercial gain, including human trafficking, forced labor, forced marriage, the sale and exploitation of children, and debt bondage.

Typically a metallic salt or a plant-based extract that acts as a dye fixative, forming a chemical bond between the dye and the fibers to make the color permanent, resistant to fading and washing. It's crucial for setting natural dyes onto fibers like wool, silk, or cotton, enhancing both the vibrancy and durability of the color. Heavy metal mordants like chrome and tin are toxic and harmful. Potassium aluminum sulfate and iron are safer and more commonly used options, each with different effects on the final color shade.

Also known as idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI), is a chronic health condition where individuals experience recurrent symptoms, such as fatigue, headaches, and brain fog, after exposure to synthetic odors and other chemicals.

Refers to anything that can cause a permanent change in a cell's DNA, known as a mutation, such as certain chemicals, X-rays, or radiation. These changes can lead to harmful effects, including certain diseases like cancer, and can sometimes be passed down to future generations.

A federal regulatory program that sets national standards for organic agricultural products sold in the United States. Raw natural fibers, like cotton, wool, and flax, are agricultural products covered under the NOP crop and livestock production standards. However, the program does not have specific standards for the processing or manufacturing of textiles.

Fibers from plants, animals, or minerals mechanically processed into threads and yarns to create woven or knitted fabrics. There are two main categories of natural fibers: animal-based and plant-based. Animal-based natural fibers include silk and wool, and plant-based natural fibers include cotton, linen, and jute.

Develop solutions inspired and sustained by nature and its processes to deliver environmental, economic, and social benefits with increasing resilience and reducing risk.

The world's natural resources considered to have economic value include geology, soils, air, water, and all living organisms that make human life possible.

A balance between the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into and removed from the atmosphere. This is achieved by reducing the amount of emissions released as much as possible, and counteracting the removal of any remaining emissions through natural methods such as reforestation or technological means. The objective is to stop global warming and stabilize the Earth's temperature.

A toxic synthetic liquid primarily used to make polyurethane foams, and a chemical intermediate for producing aniline and benzidine, then used to make dyes, pigments, herbicides, polyurethane, pharmaceuticals and rubber. Historically used in shoe blacking, but discontinued due to its toxicity. It interferes with oxygen transport in the blood by leading to reduced oxygen delivery to the body's tissues and organs, causing symptoms like headache, dizziness, fatigue, and a blue-gray skin color (cyanosis). High concentrations can result in coma, respiratory depression, and death.

Chemical substances used in industrial, institutional, and household cleaning products, textile and paper industries, and in some paints, plastics, and lubricating oil additives. Known as environmental pollutants they are classified as a persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substance and are endocrine disruptors.

A synthetic polymer made from petrochemicals. It is a thermoplastic, meaning it can be melted and reshaped, making it suitable for fibers in apparel and carpets, packaging films, and molded parts for automotive components and engineering plastics. Key properties include high tensile strength, wear resistance, and a low-friction surface.

An organization of the International Association for Research and Testing in the Field of Textile and Leather Ecology. Consists of 17 independent research and testing facilities constantly working to establish and update textile and leather industry safety standards.

Support consumers and companies throughout the supply chain to make ethical choices and products that are safe, environmentally friendly, and socially responsible manner.

Products with transparent supply chain traceability ensure every step of production, from start to finish, is tested for harmful substances and made in certified and audited production facilities obligated to protect workers, ensure safe working conditions, and advance healthy labor practices. Each product has a QR code or unique product ID to provide clear insights into how and where it was made.

Product certification verifying from farm to the final garment has been manufactured without the use of GMO and tested for pesticides and other harmful substances such as banned azo colourants, PFAS, cadmium or lead.

Product certification ensures every component of the item, including each thread, button, and accessory, produced and sold in different parts of the world, adheres to the same standards and is tested against a list of over 1,000 harmful substances to people and the planet.

Limit values of every substance are reviewed at least once a year. 

Or organotin compounds are a class of organometallic chemicals defined by the presence of at least one covalent bond between tin (Sn) and carbon (C) atoms, such as tributyltin (TBT), tetraethyltin, dibutyltin, dioctyltin, etc. They were widely used as biocides, including in antifouling paints for ship hulls and pesticides, but now restricted due to significant concerns. More benign organotins are still used as PVC stabilizers in plastics and as catalysts. As endocrine disruptors affecting metabolic and reproductive systems, they pose risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health.

A legally binding international treaty adopted by over 195 countries at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on December 12, 2015. The treaty aims to limit the global average temperature below 2° Celsius, preferably to 1.5° Celsius, resembling pre-industrial levels. The treaty took effect on November 4, 2016.

A building approach to leverage the natural properties of the building's form, orientation, and materials to create comfortable indoor conditions with minimal energy consumption. It uses ambient energy sources, such as the sunlight and wind, to provide passive heating, cooling, and ventilation, reducing reliance on mechanical systems and improving energy efficiency and occupant comfort.

Fabric designs created through knitting, weaving, or by different printing methods. Textile patterns can take any shape or form, such as floral or geometric designs, and have a range of color combinations.

The common name for tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethylene or PCE), a chemical solvent used in dry cleaning instead of water to clean fabrics. It is a volatile organic solvent, colorless and readily evaporates into the air, posing significant health and environmental risks, including central nervous system depression, potential liver and kidney damage, and a carcinogen.

Commonly known as Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), are a group of man-made chemicals that are one of the strongest chemical bonds known. These synthetic compounds are resistant to heat, water, and grease, leading to their widespread use in consumer products like nonstick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics, carpets, upholstery, tents, grease-resistant paper found in food packaging, and various industrial processes like firefighting foams and semiconductor manufacturing. They do not degrade easily, persist in the environment and have been found in water, soil, wildlife, and human bodies.

A chemical's extreme resistance to degradation in the environment, allowing it to remain for extended periods, often years or decades. This persistence, especially when combined with bioaccumulation (concentrating in living organisms) and toxicity, defines persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) substances and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which can travel globally and threaten ecosystems and human health.

Chemical substances that are resistant to degradation, build up in living organisms and the environment, and are toxic to wildlife and humans. Because they are persistent and bioaccumulative, they can enter the food chain and increase in concentration at each level through a process called biomagnification, leading to long-term exposure and potential serious health effects like cancer, neurotoxicity, and developmental problems.

A group of toxic, carbon-based chemical compounds that resist environmental degradation, persist for long periods, and accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms, magnifying up the food chain. They can travel long distances through air and water, affecting areas far from their origin, and pose risks to human health and the environment. POPs include intentionally produced pesticides and industrial chemicals like PCBs, as well as unintentional by-products of industrial processes and combustion, such as dioxins and furans.

Products and its ingredients must not use any animal products or animal by-products.

A chemical compound primarily used in permanent hair dyes, textiles, furs, and ‘black henna’. It's also found in some dark cosmetics, printing inks, and as an antioxidant in rubber and plastics. It is a known allergen and can cause severe skin reactions, such as allergic contact dermatitis, swelling, and rashes, with symptoms appearing days after exposure.

A series of widely used chemicals to make plastics like PVC, soft and flexible, are found in most products that come into contact with plastics during production, packaging, or shipping. These chemicals are not tightly attached to plastics; therefore, they escape from products and into the environment, exposing humans to them.

Chronic exposure to phthalates harms the endocrine system and the function of several organs, leading to long-term negative effects on pregnancy, child development, and reproductive systems in both children and adolescents.

Chemical additives incorporated into materials to make them more flexible, soft, resilient, and easier to handle. Most often phthalates are used to add to plastics like PVC in products such as textiles, vinyl siding and roofing. They are added to concrete to reduce water content, improving fluidity and strength without needing excess water. A wider range of applications includes cables, medical devices, and toys.

A group of man-made chemicals that are toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulate in the environment and living organisms. PCBs remain a legacy contaminant, found in the environment and accumulating in fatty foods, which poses risks for human health, including being a probable cause of cancer.

A group of organic compounds, formed by the incomplete burning of carbon-based materials like coal, oil, gas, tobacco, and wood. These widespread environmental contaminants are found in air, soil, and water, and can be present in foods like grilled meats. A known carcinogenic, and linked to blood, immune system, reproductive, neurological and developmental effects.

A synthetic fiber made from petroleum-based chemicals, known for its durability, wrinkle resistance, and moisture-wicking properties, making it popular for clothing, home furnishings, and industrial uses. It is a type of polymer, with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) being the most common form, and is produced by heating chemicals to create fibers that are then spun into fabric that releases microplastics when washed. 

It's not a single material but a group of polymers, with forms ranging from flexible foams (found in mattresses) and durable coatings to rigid structural materials and elastomers (like Spandex).

An artificial material made by coating a fabric base, often polyester or cotton, with a layer of plastic polyurethane to mimic the look and feel of real leather. It is a synthetic, PU leather is less durable and will crack and peel over time and in high heat and humidity.

A versatile, synthetic plastic made from oil, it exists in a rigid form used for construction, pipes, and window frames, and a flexible form created by adding plasticizers, used for applications like electrical insulation, medical devices, and packaging. 

PVC fabric, often called ‘vinyl’ is known for being durable, waterproof, and flexible. The fabric typically consists of a textile backing, like polyester, with a surface layer of a polyurethane blend, providing a shiny finish for applications in fashion, upholstery, and protective gear. Known to be highly toxic from the off gassing linked to Raynaud’s, scleroderma and many types of cancers and contains endocrine disrupting phthalates.

An inorganic salt that is a powerful oxidizing agent with a wide range of applications in industries like tanning leather, manufacturing pigments, dyeing, and pyrotechnics. A hazardous substance, known to be corrosive, toxic, carcinogenic, and common allergen.

An approach in which businesses take responsibility for the environmental impact of their products throughout the entire lifecycle, including end-of-life management.

A California law requires businesses to add warnings for products sold or used in California that have toxic chemicals that cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm. It also prohibits businesses from knowingly discharging these chemicals into drinking water sources. The state maintains and updates a list of these chemicals.

A class of synthetic colorants, with Quinoline Yellow being the most well-known example, are used in various products including food (designated E104 in Europe), cosmetics (D&C Yellow 10 in the US), textiles, and soaps. A known carcinogenic, can show as a contaminant in disperse dye products.

An acronym for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals, regulated by the European Union to address the risks associated with chemicals to protect people and the environment.

Companies are required to identify the risks linked to the chemical substances and mixtures they use, determine how to manage them, and ensure that they can be used safely without harming the end consumer.

Turning waste materials into new objects and materials sometimes also recovers energy from the waste. A material's ability to regain its original properties affects how easily and how many times it can be recycled.

The ability of a product, its packaging, or related components to be recovered from waste, processed, and reused as raw materials or new products.

The ability of an ecosystem to renew, replenish, and recover from what is being eaten, damaged, disturbed, or harvested.

Rebuilding a product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts to bring it back to the original specifications. This process includes fixing or swapping out worn-out or outdated components and modules.

Energy from natural sources such as wind, water, and sunlight that are replenished and not depleted when used.

Also known as reprotoxic, any chemical, physical, or environmental agent that can harm fertility in both males and females by negatively affecting the development of the fetus or offspring, or impair sexual function. A reproductive toxic agent interferes with the normal processes of creating a healthy offspring, leading to potential outcomes like decreased sperm quality, ovarian failure, or developmental abnormalities in the unborn child.

The process of repairing nature or an ecosystem to its original functionality and biodiversity after it has been damaged.

A list of banned or restricted chemical residues in finished goods and manufacturing processes such as apparel, footwear, and textiles to help companies comply with regulations, manage supply chains, and to prevent harmful exposure to substances like heavy metals, certain dyes, and other chemicals ensuring compliance and safeguards consumers, workers, and the environment.

Also known as reverse distribution is the supply chain process where products are returned from their point of consumption (the customer) back to a retailer, manufacturer, or distributor to regain value, redistribute or resell. It encompasses various activities such as product returns, recovery repairs, refurbishment, repackaging, recycling and proper disposal.

A standardized, detailed document prepared by manufacturers or suppliers about the properties and risks associated with the hazards products they use. It covers crucial information like product identification, physical and chemical properties, health effects, first aid, spill procedures, and disposal guidelines.

The three categories or 'scopes' classify the different types of carbon emissions companies emit according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol.

Scope 1: Direct emissions from sources owned or controlled by an organization (e.g., company vehicles that use petrol or diesel.)

Scope 2: Emissions from purchased energy an organization uses (electricity or heat).

Scope 3: Indirect emissions not produced by the company itself. However, the emissions due to the organization's activities generated from sources it does not own or control (e.g., flights taken for business travel, products an organization purchases, uses, and disposes of suppliers.) Scope 3 emissions include all sources not within scope 1 and 2.

Also known as sensitizers, are substances that trigger an allergic response in the body, often after repeated exposure, and can cause permanent hypersensitivity. These reactions can manifest as severe skin rashes or life-threatening respiratory problems, such as occupational asthma, and the process of sensitization is irreversible. Once a person is sensitized, even trace amounts of the chemical can cause an intense reaction, potentially requiring a permanent change in occupation to avoid further exposure.

A principle where businesses identify market opportunities that address social issues. Based on the concept of a company's success and its local community's well-being are intertwined.

A peer-to-peer (P2P) economic model enables collective acquiring, providing, or access to products and services rather than individual ownership.

The value of social connections between people living and working in a society allows individuals and groups to work together.

An organization's primary goal is to create a positive impact by using business strategies to improve environmental and social well-being.

Chemicals identified under the EU REACH Regulation pose significant risks to human health or the environment, such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, or characteristics of being persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT). While not banned, products containing SVHCs above a 0.1% threshold require notification and disclosure to regulatory bodies like the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). This designation encourages companies to find safer alternatives and promotes transparency in the supply chain.

A logistics system between a company and its suppliers facilitates the conversion of raw materials into finished products and distributes them from the manufacturer to wholesalers or end consumers.

The ability to maintain a certain rate or level.

To avoid the depletion of the planet's natural resources and maintain an ecological balance based on three main pillars: environmental, economic, and social.

A company that is financially sustainable, socially accountable, and environmentally aware.

The approach to designing packaging, products, processes, services, and systems with consideration for environmental, social, and economic impacts throughout their lifecycle.

The sustainable development agenda highlights the interconnectedness of global health and economic, social, and environmental challenges. It comprises 17 goals to reduce inequalities and poverty and protect the planet, oceans, and forests by 2030. This agenda was adopted by all United Nations members in 2015.

How an organization determines the purchases of its goods, services, and utilities, considering specific requirements for price and quality while protecting the environment and society.

Man-made textile fibers such as polyester, nylon, acrylic, polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Spandex are produced through chemical synthesis using primarily fossil fuels.

An approach to problem-solving that emphasizes understanding the relationships and interactions among different parts of a system as a whole rather than focusing on individual components.

The brand name for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a synthetic non-stick polymer that revolutionized non-stick cookware. It is also used in textiles as a durable water and stain repellent, especially in uniforms and outdoor gear that still uses short chain PFAS.

A component of gasoline, it is a widely used solvent in products like paints, paint thinners, varnishes, lacquers, adhesives, and nail polish. It is also used in some printing, leather tanning, and manufacturing processes, and as a precursor to make other chemicals. A clear liquid with a sweet, pungent odor, it is flammable and volatile, readily evaporating into a vapor at room temperature. Exposure through inhalation or skin contact causes irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, dry skin, headaches, dizziness, confusion, and anxiety. It is known to cause neurological harm, including developmental and reproductive toxicity.

A two-stage process where initial chemical exposure leads to a breakdown in natural tolerance, causing individuals to become sensitive to everyday substances they previously tolerated. This loss of tolerance, often called multiple chemical sensitivity, results in diverse multisystem symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, and cognitive issues, and is associated with conditions like fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and asthma.

A 1976 U.S. federal law that gives the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) authority to regulate chemicals to protect human health and the environment.

The degree to which a substance can harm a living organism including humans. It is a measure of the harmfulness or poisonousness of a substance and is dependent on the dose, duration, and route of exposure. The effects of toxicity can range from minor discomfort to severe illness or death.

An industrial chemical used as a flame retardant in hydraulic fluids, a plasticizer in plastics, an anti-foaming agent, and an extractant for metal ions from ores and nuclear waste. In textiles it is used as a wetting agent, a defoamer, and functions as an antistatic and softening agent to enhance processing characteristics. Exposure can occur through air or water contamination, and occupational exposure is most likely where it's manufactured or used, causing respiratory and skin problems.

An accounting framework comprising economic, environmental, and social aspects to comprehensively evaluate business performance and create greater value.

The process of transforming by-products, waste materials, or unwanted products into new materials or products of greater quality or value.

A certification for ingredients and products produced according to the USDA organic standards requires operations to use practices that cycle resources, conserve biodiversity, and preserve ecological balance.

The USDA regulates the term “organic” as it applies to agricultural products through the National Organic Program (NOP).

There are four distinct labeling categories for organic products:

100% organic certified products must contain 100% organic ingredients and processing aids, excluding water and salt. All ingredients must comply with National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances. No GMOs, or other ingredients or additives are permitted.

Organic certified products must contain at least 95% organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt), without GMOs or non-organic ingredients, and must comply with the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.

“Made with” organic ingredients certified must contain at least 70% organic ingredients, no GMOs, or non-organic ingredients must comply with National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.

Specific organic ingredients do not require certification or specific amount of certified organic. They may contain GMOs and compliance with the National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances is not needed.

A business framework that outlines all the necessary steps to develop a product or provide a service.

The oldest artificial fiber, invented in France in 1884, was made from wood cellulose. It is achieved by chemically transforming woods such as eucalyptus, beech or spruce.

Human-made chemicals are gasses emitted into the air during product production, use, and storage.

VOCs are in thousands of products, including paints and lacquers, paint strippers, household cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials, furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper, graphics, and craft materials, including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, photographic solutions, and more.

Studies have found up to ten times higher concentrations of many VOCs indoors than outdoors.

Common VOCs present in daily life are benzene, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, xylene, and 1,3-butadiene.

The practice of preserving and managing natural resources to protect the environment by conserving natural resources, energy, and ecosystems by minimizing their depletion and harmful impacts.

A framework designed to rank waste management based on environmental impact, prioritizing prevention, reuse, and recycling, with disposal as a last resort.

The act of reducing the amount of waste created by preventing it before it happens through careful planning, material selection, and reuse. Choices like reducing consumption, reusable items, and avoiding products with excessive packaging minimizing waste, conserve natural resources, reduce pollution, and the need to extract new materials.

The entire flow of waste from domestic or industrial sources through to recovery, recycling, or final disposal is known as the waste stream.

The process of interlacing two distinct sets of yarns or threads, called the warp and the weft, at right angles by passing one strand over, under, or through another to form a fabric or cloth.

A performance-based system for measuring, certifying, and monitoring features of buildings that impact human health and well-being. Administered by the International WELL Building Institute (IWBI), it provides a framework for designing and operating spaces that improve the nutrition, fitness, mood, sleep patterns, and performance of their occupants.

Any textile produced by weaving, often using a loom or mechanical means, is composed of multiple threads interlaced on a warp and a weft.

When no carbon emissions are produced from a product or service.

A global initiative that works to eliminate hazardous chemicals from the textile, apparel, and footwear industries to protect human health and the environment. It provides sustainable chemical management tools, guidelines for wastewater, and the ZDHC Gateway platform to help brands and suppliers manage and verify the use of safer chemicals and wastewater.

An environmental organization advocating for high standards in sustainable chemical management, resource efficiency, and circularity in fashion, textiles, and leather industries. Working with over 300 brands, suppliers, and chemical formulators to eliminate harmful chemicals from the global supply chain and create sustainable manufacturing to protect workers, consumers, and ecosystems.

A set of principles focused on reducing waste by redesigning how resources are used so that all products are repurposed and/or reused. The aim is to prevent products and materials from becoming trash and sent to landfills, incinerators, oceans, or the air, which can harm the environment or human health.